Preliminary data exploration of all data sets extracted:
Of note, age range for all data sets was filtered to individuals between 12 - 18 years old.
Number of Observations per Data Set
| Data Set | Number of Observations |
|---|---|
| One post-injury test (not merged with SIMS) | 9,991 |
| One post-injury test (merged with SIMS) | 257 |
| Two post-injury tests (not merged with SIMS) | 5,295 |
| Two post-injury tests (merged with SIMS) | 341 |
| Three post-injury tests (not merged with SIMS) | 2,228 |
| Three post-injury tests (merged with SIMS) | 143 |
| Four post-injury tests (not merged with SIMS) | 780 |
| Four post-injury tests (merged with SIMS) | 40 |
PCSS Score Description
| Symptom Cluster | Number of Items | Total Possible Score |
|---|---|---|
| Headache-Migraine Cluster | 3 | 18 |
| Anxiety-Mood Cluster | 5 | 30 |
| Cognitive Cluster | 4 | 24 |
| Ocular-Motor Cluster | 1 | 6 |
| Vestibular Cluster | 4 | 24 |
| Sleep Cluster | 5 | 30 |
| Total Symptom Score | 22 | 132 |
Overall, average symptom severity decreases with consecutive testing. Also, the average symptom severity score is lower for individuals who complete one post-injury test that individuals who complete multiple post-injury tests, suggesting symptom severity on the first post-injury test is predictive of requiring multiple post-injury tests.
One post-injury test
9,991 concussion injuries
| Symptom Cluster | Mean Test 1 | SD Test 1 |
|---|---|---|
| Headache-Migraine Cluster | 2.45 | 3.2 |
| Anxiety-Mood Cluster | 1.57 | 3.39 |
| Cognitive Cluster | 2.36 | 3.9 |
| Ocular-Motor Cluster | 0.29 | 0.82 |
| Vestibular Cluster | 1.57 | 2.82 |
| Sleep Cluster | 2.45 | 3.85 |
| Total Symptom Score | 10.7 | 15.57 |
Two post-injury tests
5,295 concussion injuries
| Symptom Cluster | Mean Test 1 | SD Test 1 | Mean Test 2 | SD Test 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headache-Migraine Cluster | 3.02 | 3.4 | 0.94 | 1.89 |
| Anxiety-Mood Cluster | 1.91 | 3.68 | 0.56 | 1.88 |
| Cognitive Cluster | 2.98 | 4.23 | 0.95 | 2.37 |
| Ocular-Motor Cluster | 0.36 | 0.92 | 0.1 | 0.44 |
| Vestibular Cluster | 2.01 | 3.1 | 0.45 | 1.37 |
| Sleep Cluster | 3.02 | 4.16 | 0.94 | 2.23 |
| Total Symptom Score | 13.31 | 16.76 | 3.94 | 8.62 |
Three post-injury tests
2,228 concussion injuries
| Symptom Cluster | Mean Test 1 | SD Test 1 | Mean Test 2 | SD Test 2 | Mean Test 3 | SD Test 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headache-Migraine Cluster | 3.55 | 3.6 | 1.34 | 2.23 | 0.57 | 1.45 |
| Anxiety-Mood Cluster | 2.32 | 3.99 | 0.76 | 2.17 | 0.39 | 1.62 |
| Cognitive Cluster | 3.68 | 4.67 | 1.39 | 2.86 | 0.63 | 1.98 |
| Ocular-Motor Cluster | 0.45 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.5 | 0.06 | 0.33 |
| Vestibular Cluster | 2.48 | 3.39 | 0.68 | 1.66 | 0.26 | 1.06 |
| Sleep Cluster | 3.62 | 4.47 | 1.37 | 2.69 | 0.59 | 1.79 |
| Total Symptom Score | 16.09 | 18.1 | 5.68 | 10.28 | 2.49 | 6.96 |
Four post-injury tests
780 concussion injuries
| Symptom Cluster | Mean Test 1 | SD Test 1 | Mean Test 2 | SD Test 2 | Mean Test 3 | SD Test 3 | Mean Test 4 | SD Test 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headache-Migraine Cluster | 4.04 | 3.66 | 1.83 | 2.54 | 0.99 | 1.91 | 0.6 | 1.66 |
| Anxiety-Mood Cluster | 2.7 | 4.3 | 1.07 | 2.64 | 0.63 | 2.04 | 0.43 | 1.99 |
| Cognitive Cluster | 4.31 | 5.02 | 2.08 | 3.5 | 1.12 | 2.65 | 0.68 | 2.37 |
| Ocular-Motor Cluster | 0.56 | 1.15 | 0.18 | 0.58 | 0.09 | 0.41 | 0.07 | 0.41 |
| Vestibular Cluster | 3.06 | 3.72 | 1.03 | 2.11 | 0.48 | 1.52 | 0.29 | 1.36 |
| Sleep Cluster | 4.28 | 4.85 | 1.98 | 3.25 | 0.98 | 2.35 | 0.54 | 1.87 |
| Total Symptom Score | 18.95 | 19.51 | 8.17 | 12.36 | 4.28 | 9.27 | 2.62 | 8.6 |
Overall, the average duration of time from injury onset to RTL completion (RTP step 2) was shorter than the average duration of time from injury onset to post-injury test 1.
One post-injury test
257 concussion injuries
| Benchmark | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|
| Onset to Test 1 | 5.21 days | 4.91 days |
| Onset to RTL completion | 3.84 days | 4.09 days |
| Onset to RTP completion | 20.99 days | 11.6 days |
Two post-injury tests
341 concussion injuries
| Benchmark | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|
| Onset to Test 1 | 4.91 days | 4.68 days |
| Onset to Test 2 | 9.72 days | 5.89 days |
| Onset to RTL completion | 3.87 days | 4.16 days |
| Onset to RTP completion | 21.23 days | 10.12 days |
Three post-injury tests
143 concussion injuries
| Benchmark | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|
| Onset to Test 1 | 5.18 days | 5.03 days |
| Onset to Test 2 | 9.78 days | 5.61 days |
| Onset to Test 3 | 14.59 days | 6.97 days |
| Onset to RTL completion | 3.86 days | 4.02 days |
| Onset to RTP completion | 25.02 days | 10.97 days |
Four post-injury tests
40 concussion injuries
| Benchmark | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|
| Onset to Test 1 | 6.5 days | 6.3 days |
| Onset to Test 2 | 12.57 days | 6.52 days |
| Onset to Test 3 | 17.4 days | 7.52 days |
| Onset to Test 4 | 23.82 days | 9.55 days |
| Onset to RTL completion | 5.05 days | 5.25 days |
| Onset to RTP completion | 33.9 days | 11.82 days |
Similar to the non-merged data, average total symptom severity scores decrease with consecutive testing. Additionally, the average symptom severity scores on test 1 are higher for individuals who complete multiple post-injury tests.
One post-injury test
257 concussion injuries
| Symptom Cluster | Mean Test 1 | SD Test 1 |
|---|---|---|
| Headache-Migraine Cluster | 2.63 | 3.42 |
| Anxiety-Mood Cluster | 1.81 | 3.55 |
| Cognitive Cluster | 2.58 | 4.2 |
| Ocular-Motor Cluster | 0.35 | 0.94 |
| Vestibular Cluster | 1.72 | 3.01 |
| Sleep Cluster | 2.72 | 4.03 |
| Total Symptom Score | 11.81 | 16.96 |
Two post-injury tests
341 concussion injuries
| Symptom Cluster | Mean Test 1 | SD Test 1 | Mean Test 2 | SD Test 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headache-Migraine Cluster | 2.81 | 3.29 | 0.74 | 1.61 |
| Anxiety-Mood Cluster | 1.78 | 3.33 | 0.34 | 1.18 |
| Cognitive Cluster | 2.86 | 4.13 | 0.76 | 1.95 |
| Ocular-Motor Cluster | 0.32 | 0.9 | 0.08 | 0.35 |
| Vestibular Cluster | 1.8 | 2.94 | 0.31 | 1.01 |
| Sleep Cluster | 2.56 | 3.7 | 0.7 | 1.82 |
| Total Symptom Score | 12.14 | 15.96 | 2.93 | 6.63 |
Three post-injury tests
143 concussion injuries
| Symptom Cluster | Mean Test 1 | SD Test 1 | Mean Test 2 | SD Test 2 | Mean Test 3 | SD Test 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headache-Migraine Cluster | 3.15 | 3.65 | 1.25 | 2.17 | 0.45 | 0.98 |
| Anxiety-Mood Cluster | 2.13 | 3.53 | 0.45 | 1.24 | 0.17 | 0.72 |
| Cognitive Cluster | 3.42 | 4.66 | 1.25 | 2.62 | 0.38 | 1.01 |
| Ocular-Motor Cluster | 0.42 | 1.02 | 0.12 | 0.44 | 0.01 | 0.12 |
| Vestibular Cluster | 2.19 | 3.41 | 0.52 | 1.27 | 0.09 | 0.35 |
| Sleep Cluster | 2.99 | 4.2 | 1.17 | 2.47 | 0.25 | 0.64 |
| Total Symptom Score | 14.31 | 17.98 | 4.76 | 8.73 | 1.36 | 2.54 |
Four post-injury tests
40 concussion injuries
| Symptom Cluster | Mean Test 1 | SD Test 1 | Mean Test 2 | SD Test 2 | Mean Test 3 | SD Test 3 | Mean Test 4 | SD Test 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headache-Migraine Cluster | 3.85 | 4.04 | 1.48 | 2.35 | 0.88 | 1.45 | 0.4 | 1.37 |
| Anxiety-Mood Cluster | 2.83 | 3.75 | 0.55 | 1.3 | 0.22 | 0.58 | 0.03 | 0.16 |
| Cognitive Cluster | 4.12 | 5.45 | 1.45 | 2.66 | 0.6 | 1.32 | 0.4 | 1.92 |
| Ocular-Motor Cluster | 0.65 | 1.44 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Vestibular Cluster | 2.83 | 4.28 | 0.7 | 1.59 | 0.1 | 0.38 | 0.12 | 0.65 |
| Sleep Cluster | 4.18 | 5.42 | 1.85 | 3.55 | 0.38 | 0.84 | 0.17 | 0.59 |
| Total Symptom Score | 18.45 | 21.52 | 6.1 | 10.32 | 2.17 | 3.1 | 1.12 | 4.3 |